Brazil has published Normative Opinion No. 1 of 31 March 2017 concerning the refund of excess social security contributions (PIS/COFINS) paid on imports where state value added tax (ICMS) was included in the tax base. The inclusion of ICMS in the basis for calculating PIS/COFINS on imports was ruled unconstitutional in 2013. Where excess PIS/COFINS has been unduly paid, taxpayers operating under the non-cumulative regime may obtain a credit to offset against PIS/COFINS due on imports, or in …