According to a 10 May 2019 update to Hong Kong's Country-by-Country (CbC) reporting guidance page, a bilateral arrangement is effective for the automatic exchange of CbC reports from the 2018 reporting fiscal year with Italy. The arrangement serves as an interim solution for the exchange of CbC reports until the CbC Multilateral Exchange Agreement is effective for Hong Kong, which is for fiscal years beginning on or after 1 January 2019.